Wilms Tumour
Wilms’ tumour, the most common primary renal tumour in children, classically presents as an asymptomatic abdominal mass characterised by a...
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Retinoblastoma
Small round blue cell. Most common intraocular malignancy. White reflex. Retinal mass, variable calcification. Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare, malignant... -
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. It typically occurs in patients with... -
Alagille Syndrome
Alagille syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting the liver, heart, and other systems of the body. The... -
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Obliterative bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis -
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
CRMO, Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis, CNO -
Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome, also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is a rare autoimmune disease characterised by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis... -
Atrial Septal Defect
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterised by a hole in the septum that separates the... -
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, HHT, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, arteriovenous malformations, AVM -
Takayasu Arteritis
Pulseless disease -
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis typically presents in women of childbearing age with symptoms of exertional dyspnoea or spontaneous pneumothorax and is characterised by... -
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (Lung)
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an inherited disorder primarily characterised by the growth of... -
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a benign cardiac tumour primarily seen in infants and children. It is composed of large polygonal cells... -
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the anterior abdominal wall, typically occurring to the right of the umbilicus. It involves... -
Omphalocele
Omphalocele, also known as exomphalos, is a congenital anterior abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord. In... -
Pheochromocytoma
Phaeochromocytoma is a rare, predominantly benign, neuroendocrine tumour arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which synthesises and... -
Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma. It is a condition that can be seen... -
Urolithiasis
Urolithiasis refers to the formation of calculi anywhere in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, and ureters. It’s a... -
Renal Angiomyolipoma
Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign kidney lesion consisting of blood vessels (angio-), smooth muscle (-myo-), and fat cells (-lipoma).... -
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotising inflammation of small and medium-sized arteries that spares the smallest blood vessels such... -
Horseshoe Kidney
Horseshoe kidney is a congenital anomaly characterised by the fusion of the poles of each kidney across the midline, almost... -
Orchitis
Orchitis refers to the inflammation of one or both testes, often due to an infection. The condition often presents with... -
Addison’s Disease
Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not... -
Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is a complex endocrine disorder characterised by the persistent elevation of cortisol levels, often resulting from the chronic... -
Hiatus Hernia
A hiatus hernia refers to the protrusion (or herniation) of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through... -
Testicular Seminomas
Testicular seminoma is the most common testicular cancer, seen in young to middle-aged males, classically characterised by uniform, large cells... -
Testicular Mixed Germ Cell Tumour
Mixed germ cell tumours (MGCTs) are a subgroup of non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumours, characterised by the presence of two... -
Testicular Teratoma
Testicular teratomas, classified as non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs), represent diverse tumours with cells from one or more of the... -
Testicular Yolk Sac Tumour
Yolk Sac Tumours (YSTs), also known as endodermal sinus tumours, represent the most common type of testicular germ cell tumours... -
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) is a rare inherited disorder characterised by a propensity to develop neoplasms in multiple... -
Cleft Palate
Cleft palate is a birth defect characterised by an opening or split in the roof of the mouth (palate) due... -
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is a keratinising squamous epithelium-lined cystic lesion, which can exhibit aggressive behaviour similar to neoplastic growth. Though benign, these... -
Thyroid Carcinoma
Thyroid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from the follicular or parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. It encompasses a... -
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by inflammation, gliosis, and... -
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterised by the... -
Transverse Myelitis
Transverse myelitis (TM) is a neuroinflammatory syndrome of the spinal cord characterised by damage to the myelin sheath, the insulating... -
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, typically following a viral infection or... -
Osmotic Demeylination Syndrome
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), also known as central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and extrapontine myelinolysis, is a neurological disorder characterised by... -
Pineoblastoma
An aggressive primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the pineal gland which typically arises in children, often presents with symptoms of hydrocephalus... -
Pineocytoma
A pineocytoma is a rare, benign (WHO grade I), slow-growing tumour that originates from the pineal cells of the pineal... -
Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngiomas are benign, slow-growing sellar/suprasellar tumours arising from Rathke’s pouch remnants characterised by squamous papillary epithelium with areas of calcification,... -
Rathke’s Cleft Cyst
Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, sellar or suprasellar lesions originating from the remnant epithelial lining of Rathke’s pouch, a... -
Choroid Plexus Papillomas
Choroid plexus papillomas are WHO grade 1 tumours generally presenting by 5 years of age, which arise in the lateral... -
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare, aggressive malignant neoplasm that originates from the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.... -
Hamartoma of Tuber Cinereum
Hamartoma of tuber cinereum, also known as hypothalamic hamartoma, is a benign, congenital malformation involving the hypothalamus, particularly the tuber... -
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma is a highly malignant primary brain tumour that originates in the cerebellum or posterior fossa, frequently in the region... -
Supratentorial Ependymoma
Supratentorial ependymoma is a rare variant of ependymoma often found in adults, characterised by intracranial masses with a rosette pattern... -
Infratentorial Ependymoma
Infratentorial ependymomas are a type of glial tumour that originates from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system in the posterior... -
Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Myxopapillary ependymoma is a distinct subtype of ependymoma characterised by its histological appearance and location. This neoplasm is typically located... -
Diabetes Inspidus
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterised by the production of large volumes of dilute urine due to deficient activity... -
Haemangioblastoma
Haemangioblastoma is a rare, benign, highly vascular neoplasm typically arising in the cerebellum and characterised by brightly enhancing nodules surrounded... -
Von Hippel-Lindau
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder characterised by the formation of tumours and cysts in... -
Ganglioglioma
Ganglioglioma is a rare WHO grade 1 neoplasm typically affecting children and young adults, characterised by a mixture of ganglion... -
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour is a benign, mixed neuronal-glial tumour typically presenting in children and young adults with a history of... -
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) is a rare, generally benign (WHO grade I), mixed neuronal-glial tumour, typically occurring in infancy and... -
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
NF1, BRAF. Hair-like Rosenthal fibres. Cystic cerebella mass with enhancing nodule. Enlarged optic nerve/chiasm/tract with variable enhancement Pilocytic astrocytomas, also... -
Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma
Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumour, originating from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells destined to form striated skeletal muscle. It... -
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) refers to a group of conditions characterised by chronic joint inflammation in children below 16 years... -
Primary Hypophysitis
Primary hypophysitis refers to inflammation of the pituitary gland primarily, without a known triggering systemic or local disease. The condition... -
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis
Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a pathological condition characterised by loss of neurons, gliosis, and atrophy, particularly affecting the hippocampus,... -
McCune-Albright Syndrome
McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic, postzygotic, mosaic disorder characterised by the clinical triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone (polyostotic... -
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS), also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a neurocutaneous disorder with vascular skin lesions (port-wine stains), leptomeningeal angiomatosis,... -
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal co-dominant genetic disorder leading to the decreased production of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a... -
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Pleomorphic adenomas, the most common benign salivary gland tumours, typically occur in females aged 30-60, and are characterised by a... -
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Branchial cleft cysts are benign congenital lesions resulting from an incomplete obliteration of the branchial clefts during embryological development. They... -
Ménétrier Disease
Ménétrier disease, also known as hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy, is a rare disorder characterised by the presence of enlarged gastric folds,... -
Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease typically presents in genetically predisposed individuals, often of European descent, with chronic diarrhoea, bloating, and weight loss; hallmarked... -
Achalasia
Achalasia is a primary oesophageal motility disorder characterised by the absence of coordinated peristalsis in the smooth muscle of the... -
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Primary biliary cirrhosis, a chronic autoimmune condition of small and medium-sized intrahepatic biliary ducts most prevalent in middle-aged women, often... -
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth syndrome that manifests with physical overgrowth, organomegaly, and an increased risk of embryonal... -
Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumour
Ovarian yolk sac tumours are malignant germ cell neoplasms most common in young females, with characteristic Schiller-Duval bodies on histopathology,... -
Dysgerminoma
Ovarian dysgerminoma, a malignant germ cell tumour, is the most common ovarian neoplasm in children and young women, often presenting... -
Immature Ovarian Teratoma
Immature ovarian teratoma, a rare neoplasm predominantly found in young women, commonly presents as a heterogenous mass with areas of... -
Insulinoma
Insulinoma is the most common functioning islet cell tumour, characterised by hypoglycaemia and often demonstrates hypervascular pancreatic lesions on imaging.... -
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action,... -
Cowden Syndrome
Cowden syndrome is an autosomal dominant characterised by the development of multiple hamartomas in any organ and an increased risk... -
Gorlin Syndrome
Gorlin syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant genodermatosis due to PTCH1 gene mutation characterised by multiple basal cell carcinomas, odontogenic... -
Acute Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis refers to the inflammatory condition of the pancreas. It is characterised by activation of pancreatic enzymes within the pancreas,... -
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, the most common vasculitis in children, typically presents with palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and kidney involvement, with... -
Thrombotic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura
Thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura is a rare blood disorder characterised by clot formation in small blood vessels, reduced platelet count, and... -
Giant Cell Tumour of Bone
Giant cell tumour of bone typically presents in young female adults and is characterised by an eccentrically located, lytic, and... -
Osteosarcoma
Conventional osteosarcoma, parosteal osteosarcoma, periosteal osteosarcoma, high-grade surface osteosarcoma, telangiectatic osteosarcoma -
Chondroblastoma
Chondroblastoma is a benign bone tumour, predominantly occurring in young adults, typically demonstrating an epiphyseal location with a characteristic “chicken... -
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is a slow-growing painful malignant bone tumour arising from cartilage cells, typically occurring in adults and characterised by endosteal... -
Myositis Ossificans
Myositis ossificans is a benign process, characterised by heterotopic ossification, usually within muscle, following trauma. Myositis ossificans (MO) is a... -
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare, benign bone tumour, characterised by lobulated, myxoid and chondroid tissue with a scalloped border and... -
Fibrous Dysplasia
Fibrous Dysplasia is a bone abnormality characterised by the ground-glass appearance on imaging, most commonly affecting the femur, tibia, and... -
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare, typically superficial supratentorial astrocytic tumour most frequently seen in paediatric and young adults with... -
Polymicrogyria
Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development characterised by the presence of numerous small gyri with abnormal cortical lamination... -
Chiari 1 Malformation
Chiari 1 Malformation is characterised by a caudal descent of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Chiari I Malformation... -
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT) is an aggressive embyronal brain tumour, typically located in the posterior fossa in infants, characterised by... -
Multinodular and Vacuolating Tumour
Multinodular and Vacuolating Tumour is a benign and indolent lesion predominantly involving the subcortical and deep white matter of the... -
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy primarily affects immunocomprised adults and is a potentially fatal demyelinating CNS disease caused by JC virus reactivation,... -
Tuberous Sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis complex, a neurocutaneous disorder primarily affecting children, is characterised by facial angiomas, multiple benign calcified multi-organ hamartomas, epileptogenic... -
Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma
Testicular embryonal carcinoma, primarily affecting young adults, is characterised by its complex papillary architecture and typically manifests within a mixed... -
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation, a congenital brain malformation that typically presents in infancy and early childhood, is characterised by the triad of... -
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia is a benign lesion incidentally seen in healthy middle-aged women with a history of oral contraceptive which... -
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterised by relapsing and remitting mucosal inflammation, confined to the colon.... -
Invasive Aspergillosis
Typically presenting in immunocompromised individuals, invasive aspergillosis is hallmarked by respiratory symptoms, positive sputum and pulmonary nodules with or without... -
Thymoma
Thymoma is classically seen in a middle-aged adult with Myasthenia Gravis presenting with an anterior mediastinal mass on imaging, which...