Description Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma is a rare benign tumour of the liver, most commonly diagnosed in infancy and early childhood. It is characterised by a combination of cystic spaces and mesenchymal…

Description Pancreas divisum is the most common congenital anomaly of the pancreas, resulting from failure of fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts during embryological development. In the…

Description Enostosis, also referred to as a bone island, is a benign, asymptomatic focus of compact (cortical-type) bone within cancellous (trabecular) bone. It is a developmental hamartoma rather than a…

Description Lipoma arborescens is a rare, benign intra-articular lesion characterised by villous, frond-like proliferation of synovium that is infiltrated by mature adipocytes. The name derives from its…

Description Amoebic abscess refers to a parasitic liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica, an invasive protozoan that most commonly affects the colon but may disseminate via the portal venous system to…

Description Pseudomembranous colitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the colon caused by Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection. This condition is often associated with recent antibiotic…

Description Plantar fibromatosis, also known as Ledderhose disease, is a benign fibroproliferative condition involving the plantar aponeurosis of the foot. It is part of the spectrum of superficial…

Overview The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) originates as the deep branch of the radial nerve and emerges after traversing the supinator muscle, continuing its course along the posterior compartment of…

Description Endometrial polyps are benign growths of the endometrial lining of the uterus, consisting of glandular epithelium, stroma, and blood vessels. They can vary in size from a few millimeters to…

• Solid Adrenal Mass
  • Typically benign (<10 HU)
    • Lipid-rich adenoma
      CT: Typically small ( 2 cm), circumscribed and low density ( 10 HU).
      MR: Signal loss on OOP
    • Myelolipoma
      CT: Low density (-30 to -90 HU). May have …

T2 Dark Renal Lesions

Lipid Poor AML
Haemorrhagic CystMRI: T1 bright
Papillary RCCMRI: Enhances but not as much as clear cell RCC.

References

Description Uterine Artery Embolisation (UAE) is a percutaneous, image-guided endovascular procedure that targets the uterine arteries to treat symptomatic uterine leiomyomas (fibroids). The procedure…

References

References

Description The deltoid muscle is a thick, triangular muscle located in the shoulder region, responsible for lifting the arm and facilitating a wide range of shoulder movements. It is named for its resemblance…

Condition Cardiac MRI Findings Myocardial Infarction Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in a subendocardial or transmural pattern, wall thinning, hypokinesia Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Asymmetric…

Congenital Heart Condition CXR Findings Tetralogy of Fallot Boot-shaped heart (coeur en sabot), decreased pulmonary vascular markings Transposition of the Great Arteries Egg-on-a-string appearance, narrow…

Adapted from Kocaoglu and Frush, 20061 Notes References

Dentigerous cysts are usually detected incidentally on dental imaging as a radiolucent cystic lesion associated with the crown of an unerupted tooth, commonly the mandibular third molar. Description A…

Description Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign but locally aggressive vascular tumour that originates in the nasopharynx. It is characterised by proliferation of fibrous tissue and…

Description Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of unknown origin, that predominantly affects small- and medium-sized arteries1. The…

Description A stress fracture is a small, incomplete fracture or severe bone injury that occurs due to repetitive loading, overuse, or continuous stress on the bone. These fractures are commonly seen in…

Description Glucagon is not only a hormone involved in glucose metabolism but also serves as an effective antidote in cases of severe beta-blocker overdose. Beta-blockers are medications that reduce heart…

Description Dermoid cysts are congenital lesions that result from the inclusion of ectodermal elements during embryogenesis. These cysts can occur anywhere in the body but are most commonly found in the…

Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis typically presents in young adults smokers characterised by the presence of Langerhans cells with eosinophilic infiltration in the lung with nodular and cystic…

A patient, typically a child or young adult, presenting with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), strokes, or headache, characterised by a hallmark pathological feature of progressive stenosis of the…

Description Thyroid ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune condition characterised by inflammation and swelling of the extraocular muscles, orbital fat, and…

Description Medullary carcinoma (MC) is a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast, accounting for 3-6% of all breast cancers and 10% of those in women under 35. It is characterised by…

Description Congenital haemangiomas are benign vascular tumours present at birth. Unlike infantile haemangiomas, which appear postnatally and grow rapidly in the first year of life, congenital haemangiomas…

Description Placenta praevia is a condition in pregnancy where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, sometimes covering the cervix entirely or partially. This placement can obstruct the…

Description A testicular epidermoid cyst is a rare, benign, non-germ cell tumour of the testis, characterised by the presence of keratin-filled cysts lined by squamous epithelium. Unlike teratomas,…

Description Thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) are the most common congenital cervical cystic anomalies, arising from persistent epithelial remnants of the thyroglossal duct, the embryologic tract through which…

Description Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder, also known as hyperplastic cholecystosis, is a benign condition characterised by the hyperplastic growth of the gallbladder mucosa and muscularis, leading to…

AML = Angiomyolipoma, RCC = Renal Cell Carcinoma, ADPKD = Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease, ARPKD = Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease, MCKD = Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney, NPHP…

Description Hoffa syndrome, also known as infrapatellar fat pad syndrome, involves impingement and inflammation of the infrapatellar fat pad, a soft tissue structure located below and behind the patella within…

Description Glomus jugulare tumours are paragangliomas located at the skull base, arising from the chief cells of the paraganglia within the jugular bulb, which is part of the jugular vein. Paraganglion…

Description Typhilitis, also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, is a life-threatening acute inflammatory and necrotising colitis predominantly seen in patients with profound neutropenia. It typically involves…

Description Sinonasal polyposis (SNP) refers to the formation of benign, non-cancerous, inflammatory growths within the nasal passages and sinuses. These polyps result from chronic inflammation in these…

Description Congenital Pyriform Aperture Stenosis (CPAS) is a rare craniofacial anomaly characterised by the narrowing of the nasal pyriform aperture, the bony entrance to the nasal cavity. This condition can…

Description Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas, also known as solid pseudopapillary tumour (SPT) or Frantz’s tumour, is a rare type of pancreatic tumour. This neoplasm has a low malignant…

Description Diabetic mastopathy is a rare fibroinflammatory breast disease seen primarily in patients with a long-standing history of type 1 diabetes, although it can occasionally occur in those with type…

Description Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM), previously known as Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM), is a developmental hamartomatous abnormality of lung with…

Description Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are immunoglobulins found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and are indicative of inflammation of the central nervous system. The diseases associated with the presence of…