Description Uterine leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, are benign tumours composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue. They are the most common benign tumours in females and often occur within…

Description Endometrial adenocarcinoma is a malignancy that originates from the endometrial glands, the cells lining the uterus. As the most common gynaecologic cancer in developed countries, it can be…

Cervical carcinoma, strongly associated with HPV 16 and 18, presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding and is characterised histologically by invasive squamous or glandular cells, and radiologically by a mass…

Description Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth syndrome that manifests with physical overgrowth, organomegaly, and an increased risk of embryonal tumours. While it’s part of the…

Primary biliary cirrhosis, a chronic autoimmune condition of small and medium-sized intrahepatic biliary ducts most prevalent in middle-aged women, often presents with pruritus and fatigue, is characterised…

Description Oesophageal carcinoma is a malignant tumour that originates in the epithelial lining of the oesophagus. It is the seventh most common malignancy globally and the sixth most common cause…

Description Achalasia is a primary oesophageal motility disorder characterised by the absence of coordinated peristalsis in the smooth muscle of the oesophagus and failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter…

Description Whipple’s disease is a rare, chronic, multisystem infectious disorder caused by the gram-positive bacillus Tropheryma whipplei. It predominantly affects the gastrointestinal system, but it can…

Description Gastric carcinoma, also known as stomach cancer, is a malignant tumour originating from the lining of the stomach and commonly located in the pyloric antrum. It is a significant cause of…

Description Krukenberg tumour refers to a metastatic ovarian malignancy, most commonly originating from a primary gastric or colorectal carcinoma. Characteristically, it consists of mucin-secreting…