Coeliac disease typically presents in genetically predisposed individuals, often of European descent, with chronic diarrhoea, bloating, and weight loss; hallmarked histologically by villous atrophy,…

Description Ménétrier disease, also known as hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy, is a rare disorder characterised by the presence of enlarged gastric folds, increased mucous production with resultant…

Description Branchial cleft cysts are benign congenital lesions resulting from an incomplete obliteration of the branchial clefts during embryological development. They are a common cause of lateral neck masses…

Pleomorphic adenomas, the most common benign salivary gland tumours, typically occur in females aged 30-60, and are characterised by a mixed cellular composition of epithelial and myoepithelial…

Description Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumour originating from the nasopharynx, specifically the lateral nasopharyngeal recess or Rosenmüller’s fossa, which is the most common site…

Warthin tumours, the second most common benign tumour of the salivary glands, occur predominantly in older males who smoke, characterised by oncocytic epithelium and dense lymphoid stroma histologically,…

Description Pulmonary silicosis is a form of pneumoconiosis, resulting from inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It is considered a fibrotic and progressive lung disease primarily affecting the lung…

Description Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal co-dominant genetic disorder leading to the decreased production of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), a protein responsible for protecting the lungs…

Description Mesothelioma is a malignant neoplasm originating from mesothelial cells that line the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis. Pleural mesothelioma is the most common subtype,…

Description Pulmonary sarcoidosis is the most common form of sarcoidosis (90% of patients with sarcoidosis), a multi-system granulomatous disorder of unknown cause. It affects the lungs and hilar lymph nodes…