Description Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS), also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a neurocutaneous disorder with vascular skin lesions (port-wine stains), leptomeningeal angiomatosis, and…

Description BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce tumour suppressor proteins. Mutations of these genes have been linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. In fact, about 20-25% of hereditary…

Description McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic, postzygotic, mosaic disorder characterised by the clinical triad of fibrous dysplasia of bone (polyostotic or monostotic), café-au-lait skin…

Description Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical condition characterised by the triad of gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence, alongside radiological evidence of…

Description Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a pathological condition characterised by loss of neurons, gliosis, and atrophy, particularly affecting the hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. It is…

Description Primary hypophysitis refers to inflammation of the pituitary gland primarily, without a known triggering systemic or local disease. The condition can result in various forms of hypopituitarism due…

Description Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) refers to a group of conditions characterised by chronic joint inflammation in children below 16 years of age, persisting for more than six weeks. The…

Description Orbital Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a malignant skin cancer that arises from the basal cells of the skin, typically in the periocular region, which includes the eyelids and surrounding tissues.…

Description Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumour, originating from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells destined to form striated skeletal muscle. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma…

Description Pilocytic astrocytomas, also known as juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, are circumscribed astrocytic gliomas that typically occur in young patients. They arise from astrocytes, which are…