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Atherosclerosis, a common condition among older adults, is characterised by arterial wall thickening due to plaque accumulation, most notably seen on imaging as calcification within the coronary…

Description Neurosarcoidosis refers to the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in sarcoidosis, a systemic non-caseating granulomatous disease of unknown aetiology that primarily affects the…

Ampullary carcinoma often presents with the classic clinical triad of abdominal pain, jaundice, and weight loss and an enhancing mass at the ampulla of Vater. Description Ampullary carcinoma is a malignant…

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic, idiopathic disease of the liver, often seen in young to middle-aged women, characterised by interface hepatitis on histopathology, elevated immunoglobulins, particularly IgG,…

Wilson’s disease, a rare autosomal recessive disorder common in populations with high rates of consanguinity, leads to abnormal copper metabolism causing hepatic and neurological dysfunction, with pathognomonic…

Hepatic schistosomiasis, predominantly seen in individuals from endemic areas like Africa and the Middle East, is characterised by parasitic infection by Schistosoma species causing periportal fibrosis,…

Description Precocious puberty refers to the onset of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys. It’s a heterogeneous condition with various underlying causes and manifests with…

Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder common in Ashkenazi Jewish population, is characterised by autosomal recessive inheritance of a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, leading to…

Sickle cell disease, common in individuals of African descent, is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterised by the production of abnormal, sickle-shaped haemoglobin S, leading to…

Rheumatic heart disease, typically seen in developing countries among children and young adults, is characterised by chronic valvular inflammation secondary to recurrent Group A strep. infection, Aschoff…