Inverting papilloma is a benign sinonasal tumour typically found in older-aged adults, characterised by its endophytic growth pattern and often presents as a unilateral nasal obstruction. Description…

Branchial cleft anomalies are congenital lesions that arise due to an incomplete obliteration of the branchial clefts and pouches during embryological development, typically presenting in children as…

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative malignancies, typically affecting middle-aged to older adults, characterised by genetic aberrations leading to lymphocyte proliferation…

Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic plasma cell disorder commonly seen in elderly adults, characterised by punched-out lytic skeletal lesions, renal impairment, hypercalcemia, and monoclonal…

Hodgkin lymphoma is a B-cell lymphoma most common in young or HIV-positive adults, classically characterised by Reed-Sternberg cells and typically presenting as painless cervical lymphadenopathy, often…

Urothelial carcinoma, the most common bladder cancer, predominantly affects older adults characterised by urothelial cell abnormalities and frequent mutations in the TP53, FGFR3 and RAS genes, typically…

Hallmark Pathological Feature Associated Condition Murphy’s Sign Acute Cholecystitis Auer Rods Acute Myeloid Leukemia t(15;17) Translocation Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Hyaline Membranes Acute Respiratory…

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy typically presenting in older adults, most commonly males with painless haematuria, characterised by urothelial carcinoma on histology and filling defects within the…

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease typically presents in neonates or infants with massive, bilaterally enlarged kidneys demonstrating microcystic changes and congenital hepatic fibrosis, both due to…

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a hereditary condition affecting adults characterised by bilateral, multiple renal cysts with hallmark mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes. Description ADPKD is…