Neck
Description: two-headed muscle on anterolateral surface of neck, prominent landmark and fleshy mass which borders delineates anterior and posterior triangles...
- Knowledge Base
- Category 2
-
-
Scalp
SummaryCranial Vault -
Cerebral cortex
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes, HippocampusBrain -
Internal Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery, Branches & SegmentsBrain -
Kiesselbach’s Plexus
Kiesselbach’s plexus is a vascular network of the five arteries that supply the nasal septum. The arteries anastomose to form... -
Middle Ear
The middle ear (tympanic cavity or tympanum) is an air-filled box-shaped chamber with concave sides in the petrous part of... -
Temporal Bone
The temporal bones are paired, dense, irregularly-shaped complex bones that comprise the lateral base of the skull. It contains the... -
Muscles of the Pectoral Region
The pectoral muscles are a group of skeletal muscles that connect the upper extremities to the anterior and lateral thoracic... -
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
The musculature of the thigh is divided into anterior, medial and posterior compartments, each with distinct innervation and function. The... -
Muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh
The musculature of the thigh is divided into anterior, medial and posterior compartments, each with distinct innervation and function. The... -
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh
The musculature of the thigh is divided into anterior, medial and posterior compartments, each with distinct innervation and function. The muscles in... -
Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Leg
The musculature of the lower leg is divided into anterior, lateral (fibular), posterior (superficial and deep) compartments, defined by intermuscular septa. Collectively,... -
Muscles of the Lateral Compartment of the Leg
The musculature of the lower leg is divided into anterior, lateral (fibular), posterior (superficial and deep) compartments, defined by intermuscular... -
Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Leg
The musculature of the lower leg is divided into anterior, lateral (fibular), posterior (superficial and deep) compartments, defined by intermuscular... -
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
The anterolateral abdominal wall encloses the abdominal cavity and consists of four main layers (external to internal): skin, superficial fascia,... -
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC)
The triangular fibrocartilage complex is a critical stabilising structure of the ulnar side of the wrist, particularly the distal radioulnar... -
Venous Drainage of the Thorax
The venous drainage of the thoracic wall drains deoxygenated venous blood from the periphery of the thoracic cage back into... -
Gardner Syndrome
Gardner Syndrome is an autosomal dominant phenotypic variant of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), characterised by polyps lining the intestinal mucosa... -
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by the development of characteristic hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract... -
Cervical Cancer
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma, adenoma malignum -
Kartagener Syndrome
Kartagener syndrome (KS), also known as immotile cilia syndrome, is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterised by the triad of... -
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
CRMO, Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis, CNO -
Goodpasture Syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome, also known as anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is a rare autoimmune disease characterised by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis... -
Atrial Septal Defect
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect characterised by a hole in the septum that separates the... -
Takayasu Arteritis
Pulseless disease -
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis typically presents in women of childbearing age with symptoms of exertional dyspnoea or spontaneous pneumothorax and is characterised by... -
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung condition characterised by the accumulation of proteinaceous material within the alveoli, resulting... -
Atrial Myxoma
Atrial myxoma is the most common type of primary heart tumour, often arising in the interatrial septum, predominantly within the... -
Cardiac Rhabdomyoma
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is a benign cardiac tumour primarily seen in infants and children. It is composed of large polygonal cells... -
Hepatic Adenoma
Hepatic adenomas (pleural: adenomata) are rare benign tumours of the liver predominantly composed of hepatocytes. The incidence is highly related... -
Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis, commonly known as delayed gastric emptying, is a condition characterised by a reduction or absence of normal spontaneous peristalsis... -
Renal Oncocytoma
Renal oncocytoma is a benign tumour arising from the intercalated cells of the collecting duct in the kidney, characterised by... -
Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma. It is a condition that can be seen... -
Renal Angiomyolipoma
Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign kidney lesion consisting of blood vessels (angio-), smooth muscle (-myo-), and fat cells (-lipoma).... -
Addison’s Disease
Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not... -
Testicular Seminomas
Testicular seminoma is the most common testicular cancer, seen in young to middle-aged males, classically characterised by uniform, large cells... -
Testicular Mixed Germ Cell Tumour
Mixed germ cell tumours (MGCTs) are a subgroup of non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumours, characterised by the presence of two... -
Testicular Teratoma
Testicular teratomas, classified as non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs), represent diverse tumours with cells from one or more of the... -
Testicular Yolk Sac Tumour
Yolk Sac Tumours (YSTs), also known as endodermal sinus tumours, represent the most common type of testicular germ cell tumours... -
Splenic Siderosis
Splenic siderosis refers to the accumulation of iron in the spleen. This condition typically develops secondary to systemic disorders causing... -
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) is a rare inherited disorder characterised by a propensity to develop neoplasms in multiple... -
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a type of cancer that most commonly arises from the salivary glands, including the parotid gland, submandibular... -
Thyroid Carcinoma
Thyroid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm originating from the follicular or parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. It encompasses a... -
De Quervain’s Thyroiditis
De Quervain’s thyroiditis, also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or giant cell thyroiditis, is a self-limiting inflammatory condition of the... -
Reidel Thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis, also known as Riedel’s struma or invasive fibrous thyroiditis, is a rare chronic inflammatory condition of the thyroid... -
Optic Neuritis
Optic neuritis refers to an inflammation of the optic nerve, which can lead to transient or lasting vision loss. The... -
Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric disturbances. It is caused by... -
Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars... -
Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that causes significant cognitive impairment, including memory loss, confusion, and difficulties with... -
Osmotic Demeylination Syndrome
Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), also known as central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and extrapontine myelinolysis, is a neurological disorder characterised by... -
Pineoblastoma
An aggressive primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the pineal gland which typically arises in children, often presents with symptoms of hydrocephalus... -
Pineocytoma
A pineocytoma is a rare, benign (WHO grade I), slow-growing tumour that originates from the pineal cells of the pineal... -
Rathke’s Cleft Cyst
Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign, sellar or suprasellar lesions originating from the remnant epithelial lining of Rathke’s pouch, a... -
Choroid Plexus Papillomas
Choroid plexus papillomas are WHO grade 1 tumours generally presenting by 5 years of age, which arise in the lateral... -
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) is a rare, aggressive malignant neoplasm that originates from the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.... -
Supratentorial Ependymoma
Supratentorial ependymoma is a rare variant of ependymoma often found in adults, characterised by intracranial masses with a rosette pattern... -
Infratentorial Ependymoma
Infratentorial ependymomas are a type of glial tumour that originates from ependymal cells lining the ventricular system in the posterior... -
Diabetes Inspidus
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterised by the production of large volumes of dilute urine due to deficient activity... -
Haemangioblastoma
Haemangioblastoma is a rare, benign, highly vascular neoplasm typically arising in the cerebellum and characterised by brightly enhancing nodules surrounded... -
Von Hippel-Lindau
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominant, multisystem disorder characterised by the formation of tumours and cysts in... -
Ganglioglioma
Ganglioglioma is a rare WHO grade 1 neoplasm typically affecting children and young adults, characterised by a mixture of ganglion... -
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumour
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour is a benign, mixed neuronal-glial tumour typically presenting in children and young adults with a history of... -
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma
Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) is a rare, generally benign (WHO grade I), mixed neuronal-glial tumour, typically occurring in infancy and... -
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) refers to a group of conditions characterised by chronic joint inflammation in children below 16 years... -
Primary Hypophysitis
Primary hypophysitis refers to inflammation of the pituitary gland primarily, without a known triggering systemic or local disease. The condition... -
Coeliac Disease
Coeliac disease typically presents in genetically predisposed individuals, often of European descent, with chronic diarrhoea, bloating, and weight loss; hallmarked... -
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma
Endometrial adenocarcinoma is a malignancy that originates from the endometrial glands, the cells lining the uterus. As the most common... -
Uterine Leiomyosarcoma
Uterine leiomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive uterine malignancy usually in postmenopausal women, presenting as a large heterogeneously enhancing mass... -
Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumour
Ovarian yolk sac tumours are malignant germ cell neoplasms most common in young females, with characteristic Schiller-Duval bodies on histopathology,... -
Dysgerminoma
Ovarian dysgerminoma, a malignant germ cell tumour, is the most common ovarian neoplasm in children and young women, often presenting... -
Struma Ovarii
Struma ovarii is a rare form of mature ovarian teratoma composed predominantly of thyroid tissue, often presenting as a unilateral... -
Ovarian Serous Cystadenoma
Ovarian serous cystadenoma is a common benign epithelial ovarian tumour in middle-aged women, typically appearing on imaging as a unilocular... -
Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenoma
Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma is a common benign epithelial ovarian tumour, often demonstrating large multiloculated cystic appearance on imaging, with thick... -
Ovarian Serous Cystadenocarcinoma
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, the most common malignant epithelial ovarian tumour, may show psammoma bodies and presents with complex cystic and... -
Ovarian Fibroma
Ovarian fibroma, the most common benign solid tumour of the ovary, is frequently seen in postmenopausal women and may be... -
Fibrothecoma
Fibrothecoma, a benign mixed sex cord-stromal tumour of the ovary, is composed of fibroma and theca cells. On imaging, it... -
Thecoma
Thecoma, a benign ovarian stromal tumour prevalent in postmenopausal women, characteristically appears as a well-defined enhancing solid mass with characteristic... -
Foetal Hydrops
Foetal hydrops is the accumulation of fluid in two or more foetal compartments, including ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion and... -
Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder
Placenta accreta spectrum disorders are abnormal placentations often demonstrated as irregular or absent retroplacental clear space and dark intraplacental bands... -
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN) refers to a group of malignant tumours that arise from abnormal trophoblastic cells, usually following molar... -
Twin Anaemia-Polycythaemia Syndrome
Twin Anaemia-Polycythaemia Sequence is a unique complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies, characterised by significant inter-twin haemoglobin discordance, with the characteristic... -
Twins Reverse Arterial Perfusion Syndrome
Twin Reverse Arterial Perfusion Syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies, characterised by the presence of an... -
Immature Ovarian Teratoma
Immature ovarian teratoma, a rare neoplasm predominantly found in young women, commonly presents as a heterogenous mass with areas of... -
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare hereditary condition characterised by the development of multiple tumours in endocrine... -
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome is defined by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, and hyperlipidaemia, and is typically associated with increased renal cortical echogenicity.... -
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura, the most common vasculitis in children, typically presents with palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and kidney involvement, with... -
Synovial Sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma is a rare, highly malignant soft tissue tumour in young adults often demonstrating a “triple signal” on T2-weighted... -
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Chondromyxoid fibroma is a rare, benign bone tumour, characterised by lobulated, myxoid and chondroid tissue with a scalloped border and... -
Polymicrogyria
Polymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development characterised by the presence of numerous small gyri with abnormal cortical lamination... -
Solitary Fibrous Tumour of Dura
Solitary fibrous tumours of the dura are rare, slow-growing benign tumours, often seen in adults, characterised by positive immunohistochemistry, intense... -
Multinodular and Vacuolating Tumour
Multinodular and Vacuolating Tumour is a benign and indolent lesion predominantly involving the subcortical and deep white matter of the... -
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy primarily affects immunocomprised adults and is a potentially fatal demyelinating CNS disease caused by JC virus reactivation,... -
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Cerebral toxoplasmosis typically presents in immunocompromised/advanced HIV individuals as the most common cause of focal brain lesions, characterised histologically by... -
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency, typically found in older adults and vegetarians, is characterised by ineffective erythropoiesis and neurological changes, megaloblastic anaemia,... -
Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma
Testicular embryonal carcinoma, primarily affecting young adults, is characterised by its complex papillary architecture and typically manifests within a mixed... -
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation, a congenital brain malformation that typically presents in infancy and early childhood, is characterised by the triad of... -
Adrenal Myelolipoma
Adrenal myelolipomas are rare, benign neoplasms characterised by variable proportions of adipocytes and haematopoietic cells, and appear as a well-defined,... -
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer typically presents in a younger demographic than sporadic colorectal cancer, hallmarked by germline mutations in DNA... -
Thymoma
Thymoma is classically seen in a middle-aged adult with Myasthenia Gravis presenting with an anterior mediastinal mass on imaging, which... -
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease typically presents in neonates or infants with massive, bilaterally enlarged kidneys demonstrating microcystic changes and...